Chairside screening in dental settings is emerging as a practical strategy for strengthening integration between oral health services and primary care. Many patients attend dental visits more regularly than medical visits, creating opportunities for opportunistic detection of undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions such as hypertension and dysglycemia. Evidence from dental clinics, public systems, and safety-net settings suggests that blood pressure screening and chairside glycemic testing can identify previously unrecognized risk, are generally acceptable to patients, and can trigger referral to primary care when supported by clear workflows. This review summarizes the rationale, current evidence, implementation models, barriers, and policy implications of chairside testing for blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and selected related indicators in dental practice. It argues that targeted screening in dental care should not be viewed as a shift away from dentistry, but as an extension of whole-person, risk-based oral healthcare.